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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: Inverted day-night feeding during pregnancy affects the brain health of both maternal and fetal brains through increasing inflammation levels associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in rats

Fig. 3

Active-phase Fasting reduced maternal intestinal integrity, increased intestinal inflammation, and altered gut microbiota characteristics. a Relative mRNA expression levels of ileal tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Ocln, Cldn1) and mucin (Muc2). b Relative mRNA expression levels of ileal inflammatory cytokines (TLR 4, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NLRP3). c Relative mRNA expression levels of colonic tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Ocln, Cldn1) and mucin (Muc2). d Relative mRNA expression levels of colonic inflammatory cytokines (TLR 4, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NLRP3) (ND group: n=8; IF group: n=7). e Comparison of bacterial abundance and sequence counts in cecal contents. f Shannon index-based bacterial α-diversity at the phylum and genus levels. g PCoA at the phylum and genus levels. h Dysbiosis index at the phylum and genus levels. ND group: n = 7; IF group: n = 6. Data in a–f and h were expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was denoted as follows: ns indicated no statistical difference (p > 0.05); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094