Fig. 8

COX-2 inhibition rescues astrocytes in the BAVM pathological microenvironment. A Representative western blot images of HIF-1α in brain tissue. B The quantification of HIF-1α/β-actin (n = 4 mice). C, D Relative mRNA levels of Vegf-a and Mcp1 in each group (n = 5 mice). E Representative fluorescence images and 3D rendered images of immunostaining with GFAP and CD31. Scale bar = 10 μm. The asterisk (*) represents the vascular lumen of BAVM. F Representative fluorescence images and 3D rendered images of immunostaining with AQP4 and CD31. Scale bar = 10 μm. The asterisk (*) represents the vascular lumen of BAVM. G, H The quantification of astrocyte’s main branch number and surface area for per cell (n = 30 cells from 6 mice). I The quantification of the ratio of AQP4 + vessels/CD31 + vessels (%) (n = 6 mice). J A diagram illustrating normal endothelial homeostasis and pathological microenvironment of BAVM