Fig. 2

Hypoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory microenvironment in BAVM formation. A Representative fluorescence images of immunostaining with CD31 and OCCLUDIN (OCLN) for each group. Scale bar = 20 μm. The asterisk (*) represents the vascular lumen of BAVM. B The quantification of the ratio of OCLN + vessels/CD31 + vessels (%) (n = 3 mice). C Representative fluorescence images of immunostaining with CD31 and CLAUDIN-5 (CLDN5) for each group. Scale bar = 20 μm. The asterisk (*) represents the vascular lumen of BAVM. D The quantification of the ratio of CLDN5 + vessels/CD31 + vessels (%) (n = 3 mice). E–I Relative mRNA levels of Mmp-9, Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-6 and Nos3 in control and BAVM mice (n = 5 mice). J Representative fluorescence images of immunostaining with CD31 and eNOS. Scale bar = 20 μm. The asterisk (*) represents the vascular lumen of BAVM. K Representative Western blot images of eNOS and COX-2 in brain tissue from control group and BAVM mice. L The quantification of eNOS/β-actin (n = 4 mice). M The quantification of COX-2/β-actin (n = 4 mice). N Relative mRNA levels of Cox-2 in control and BAVM mice (n = 5 mice)