Table 6 Summarizing the data of all clinical studies in post-stroke specifying the design, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusion

83

Clinical study (post-stroke MDD patients and control group)

Investigate the effects of rTMS on inflammatory markers and immune function in post-stroke MDD (PSD) patients

rTMS treatment applied to PSD patients and control group over eight weeks. Measured serum levels of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-α, as well as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glycine, and glutamate. Assessed PHQ-9 and MBI scores

Significant decrease in IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, stronger effect in PSD patients

Increased dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glycine, and glutamate levels

Improvement in PHQ-9 and MBI scores

rTMS effectively reduces inflammation and promotes immune function, supporting clinical recovery in PSD patients

84

Review of NIBS effects on motor outcomes post-stroke

Review NIBS techniques (like tDCS and rTMS) on motor outcomes post-stroke, with focus on precision and efficacy

Review of various studies using NIBS in post-stroke patients, focusing on motor outcomes, brain plasticity, and neural activity

NIBS modulates brain activity, showing potential to improve brain plasticity. No significant long-term impact on motor outcomes, with motor improvements noted in some subacute stroke patients

NIBS shows promise for enhancing brain plasticity, but further improvements are needed for better precision in motor rehabilitation

85

Clinical study (subacute stroke patients)

Examine the effects of anodal tDCS on postural stability, trunk stability, and physical performance in subacute stroke patients

Anodal tDCS applied to subacute stroke patients. Measured postural stability, trunk stability, and physical performance at short- and long-term intervals

Short-term improvement in postural stability, long-term improvements in physical performance and anticipatory postural adjustments. No effect on quality of life

Anodal tDCS improves physical performance and postural stability, with no effect on quality of life

86

Clinical study (stroke patients)

Compare the effects of rTMS, tDCS, and sham treatments on motor rehabilitation, specifically walking cadence and balance

rTMS, tDCS, and sham treatments applied to stroke patients. Measured walking cadence, walking speed, and functional balance

rTMS showed superior effects on walking cadence, speed, and functional balance. tDCS showed short-term motor improvements, but no long-term effects

rTMS is superior to tDCS for motor rehabilitation in stroke patients, particularly for walking and balance

87

Review of neuromodulation techniques

Investigate new neuromodulation strategies, such as tTIS, LIFUS, and single-pulse TMS, for motor rehabilitation post-stroke

Review of various non-invasive neuromodulation techniques (tTIS, LIFUS, single-pulse TMS). Assessed their effects on deep brain structures, motor rehabilitation, and the precision of cortical state evaluations

tTIS and LIFUS showed significant potential to modulate deeper brain structures. Single-pulse TMS and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) could offer valuable prognostic information for rehabilitation

New neuromodulation strategies like tTIS and LIFUS have strong potential for rehabilitation, with MEPs providing important prognostic information

88

Clinical study (bilateral rTMS and VR-BCI)

Examine the synergistic effect of bilateral rTMS and VR-BCI on patient recovery post-stroke

Combined bilateral rTMS and VR-BCI in stroke patients. Measured rehabilitation outcomes and recovery through electroencephalographic signal IAF (individual alpha frequency)

Significant improvement in patient recovery with the combined use of rTMS and VR-BCI. IAF was a reliable biomarker for recovery evaluation, strongly correlating with rehabilitation outcomes

The combination of bilateral rTMS and VR-BCI enhances recovery and provides reliable biomarkers for evaluating stroke rehabilitation progress