Table 4 Summarizing the data of all preclinical studies in MS specifying the design, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusion

50

Animal study (EAE mice model)

To investigate the effects of tDCS on microglia/macrophage activation and myelin damage in autoimmune demyelination

tDCS with either cathodal or anodal polarity applied for five days post-immunization. Intensity of 325 μA for 10 min using a constant current stimulator

Significant upregulation of microglia/macrophage density in the anodal and Sham groups

The microglia/macrophage ratio decreased in the cathodal group. Lower axonal loss and higher number of complete paranode domains in cathodal group

Cathodal tDCS prevents myelin damage and inflammatory cell infiltration, showing potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects in autoimmune demyelination disorders

51

Animal study (FUS-BBBD in EAE mice)

To assess the impact of FUS-BBBD on immune activation and tissue matrix structure in the brain

FUS-BBBD applied to the right hemisphere of mice, inducing inflammation and structural changes in brain tissue

Activation of inflammation in the sonicated brain and changes in the biomechanical parameters of the brain’s extracellular matrix (ECM)

FUS-BBBD generates mechanical stress that alters ECM composition, impacting immune cell migration, cytokine release, and cell–cell interactions, with potential regenerative or neuroinflammatory effects depending on treatment parameters