Fig. 5
From: Nitrate ameliorates alcohol-induced cognitive impairment via oral microbiota
Higher cognitive impairment in alcohol drinkers is associated with reductions in nitrate metabolism-related bacteria and increased inflammatory responses. A As expected from the selection of the two human subject groups, differences in the specific Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) items: The scores of attention, language, memory and execution were significantly lower in the alcohol drinkers with lower cognitive function (AD-LC) group than in the alcohol drinkers with higher cognitive function (AD-HC) group. B–E Genus-level differences in the relative abundance of Neisseria, Haemophilus, Prevotella and Veillonella between the two groups. p < 0.05 and permutation p < 0.05 for all data selected. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 63). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001