Table 2 Modulation of gut microbiota and metabolites in brain cancer patient samples

Glioma

Malignant glioma patients (n = 27), Healthy individuals (n = 41)

↑Fusobacterium, Akkermansia, family Bacteroidaceae, family Prevotellaceae, genus Bacteroides, genus Prevotella

↓family Lachnospiraceae, family Ruminococcaceae

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Meningioma

Benign meningioma patients (n = 32), Healthy individuals (n = 41)

↑Enterobacteriaceae, family Bacteroidaceae, family Prevotellaceae, genus Bacteroides, genus Prevotella

↓family Lachnospiraceae, family Ruminococcaceae

[182]

Glioma

Glioma patients (n = 6), Controls (n = 6)

↓5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, Norepinephrine

[236]

Brain tumours

Brain tumours (Glioma patients (n = 23), Meningiomas (n = 32), Pituitary tumours (n = 24), brain metastases (n = 13), others brain tumours (n = 9)), Healthy controls (n = 57)

↑phylum Bacteriodota, phylum Fusobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria, family Bacteroidaceae, family Fusobacteriaceae, family Enterobacteriaceae, genus Bacteroides, genus Escherichia/Shigella, genus Fusobacterium, genus Sutterella, Ruminococcus gnavus group

↓phylum Firmicutes, phylum Actinobacteria, phylum Verrucomicrobiota, family Bifidobacteriaceae, family Barnesiellaceae, family RF39, family Christensenellaceae, family Clostridia_UCG-014, family Lachnospiraceae, family Monoglobaceae, family Ruminococcaceae, family Tissierellales, family Akkermansiaceae

[183]

Glioma

Glioma patients (IDH-WT) (n = 39), Controls (n = 18)

↑phylum Bacteroidetes, phylum Proteobacteria, phylum Verrucomicrobia, family Akkermansiaceae, genus Akkermansia

↓phylum Actinobacteria, phylum Epsilonbacteraeota, phylum Firmicutes

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Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma patients (n = 25), Healthy controls (n = 15)

↑phylum Proteobacteria, family Bacteroidaceae, family Enterobacteriaceae, family Alcaligenaceae, genus Bacteroides, genus Escherichia-Shigella, genus Parasutterella, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides vulgatus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella oxytoca, Clostridium botulinum, Prevotella copri, Bacteroides uniformis

↓phylum Firmicutes, family Rikenellaceae, family Veillonellaceae, family Prevotellaceae, genus Prevotella_9, genus Ruminococcus_2, genus Faecalibacterium, Dialister succinatiphilus, Ruminococcus flavefacien, Bacillus pumilus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium leptum, Alistipes putredinis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus casei, Ruminococcus gnavus

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Craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngioma patients (n = 15), Healthy controls (n = 15)

↑phylum Bacillota, phylum Bacteroidota, genus Fusobacterium, genus Dorea, genus Ruminococcus, genus Megamonas, genus Clostridium, genus Roseburia, genus Faecalibacterium, Clostridium_sp_AT4, Phascolarctobacterium faecium, Bacteroides stercoris, Roseburia intestinalis, Caudoviricetes_sp, Romboutsia timonensis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Dialister succinatiphilus, Roseburia inulinivorans

↑Silibinin, Lysopc 20:0, LysoPC 20:2, Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, JWH 018 N-pentanoic acid metabolite, Xanthosine

↓Ricinine, EMH, Estazolam, (+/−)10(11)-EpDPA, Rifampicin, beta-Nicotinamide mononucleotide

[306]

Brain tumour

Serum samples of brain tumour patients (n = 152) and healthy controls (n = 198)

↑Chao1 index, Shannon index, phylum Firmicutes, genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, genus Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-013, genus Lactobacillus, genus Ruminiclostridium 6, genus Peptoclostridium

↓phylum Proteobacteria, phylum Actinobacteria, genus [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes, genus Escherichia-Shigella, genus Blautia, genus Bifidobacterium, genus Streptococcus, genus Sphingomonas

[189]