Table 4 Recommend set of CSF markers to be prioritized for harmonization across large studies

TNF (TNFSF2)^{a, b}

Microglia, astrocytes, neurons [88]

Myeloid cells, all glia, neurons, [89] endothelial cells, area postrema, circumventricular organs

sTNFR1 (TNFRSF1A)^b

Ubiquitous

Same

sTNFR2 (TNFRSF1B)^b

Myeloid cells, B/T cells, neurons, [89] oligodendrocytes [90], endothelial cells

Same

sTREM2^b

Microglia & macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells

same

IFN-g (IFNG)^a

Th1 [91] and other immune cells, microglia, endothelial cells, astrocytes [92]

Microglia, neurons [93]

sIL-1ra (IL1RN)^{a, b}

Microglia [94]

Endothelial cells, neurons [95]

IL-1b^a

Microglia, [96] astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons [97]

Endothelial cells, neurons [95]

IL-6^a

Microglia, astrocytes, neurons [98]

Astrocytes, microglia, neurons [99]

IL-8 (CXCL8)^a

Microglia, possibly neurons [100]

Microglia, astrocytes, neurons [101]

IL-9^a

Th9 and other immune cells, oligodendrocytes, neurons

Astrocytes, OPCs, oligodendro- cytes, microglia, neurons [102]

IL-10^a

Multiple immune cells, activated microglia, reactive astrocytes

Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons

IL-12p40/p70^a

Dendritic cells, lymphocytes, microglia

Microglia, neurons [103]

IL-4^a

Mast cells, microglia, Th2, neurons [104]

Endothelial cells, lymphocytes, all glia [105], neurons [106]

IL-13^a

Th2 cells and other immune cells

Lymphocytes, neurons (IL-13Ra1) [107]

YKL-40

Astrocytes, some in microglia, vascular smooth muscle cell, macrophage

Macrophages, dendritic cells (IL-13Ra2)

TGFb1/2/3^a

Microglia, astrocyte, neurons (TGFb2/3) [108]

Astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, neurons (TGFbR3) [109]

IL-17A^a

Astrocytes, microglia, other immune cells, endothelial cells

Endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, neurons [110]

IL-18^a

Microglia, dendritic cells, and other immune cells

Neurons [111]

IP-10 (CXCL10)^a

Monocytes, endothelial cells

Lymphocytes, microglia, neurons [112]

MCP1 (CCL2)^a

Macrophages, microglia, endothelial cells

Astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, neurons [113]

MCP4 (CCL13)^a

RANTES (CCL5)^a

Microglia, astrocytes

Glial cells, neurons [114]

Eotaxin 2 (CCL24)

Microglia

Astroyctes, microglia

Eotaxin 3 (CCL26)

Endothelial cells

GM-CSF (CSF2)

Microglia, astrocytes, neurons

Microglia, astrocytes

EGF^a

Macrophages

Neural stem cells, [115] neurons,[116] astrocytes, microglia

C3,^a C5^a, C4, C1q^a

Astrocytes, microglia, neurons [117]

Microglia, astrocytes, neurons [118,119,120]