Fig. 1

Diversity of inflammatory markers and their cellular sources across central nervous system (CNS) compartments, including subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ventricular CSF, interstitial fluid (ISF), and paravascular CSF. The schematic illustrates contributions of CNS-resident cells (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) and peripheral immune cells (T cells, B cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, and red blood cells) to inflammatory responses, with currently known associated cytokine and chemokine ligands listed. This representation underscores the complexity of immune interactions in the CNS. Created in https://BioRender.com