Fig. 9

Effects of Pan-probiotic (PP) treatment on motor coordination, anxiety-like behavior, and depressive-like behavior following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Performance on the rotarod test was evaluated for both male (a) and female (b) mice, which were administered either PP or a vehicle water solution (VH). PP treatment improved motor coordination in TBI mice of both males and females compared to TBI-VH mice, with significant differences observed at various time points. Sham-PP mice also showed better performance compared to sham-VH controls. (c) Anxiety-like behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze conducted at 21 dpi. TBI-PP-treated male and female mice exhibited no significant differences in the percentage time in the open arms compared to their TBI-VH counterparts. (d) Depressive-like behavior was evaluated using the forced swim test. TBI-VH female mice exhibited significantly increased immobility time compared tosham-VH female controls, consistent with depressive-like behavior. PP treatment significantly reduced immobility time in females compared to TBI-VH mice, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. n = 4–10 mice/group (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001)