Fig. 1

MIA triggers ventriculomegaly in male offspring. (a) The three-chamber social preference test was used to assess the social preference of the offspring, where the Social preference index represents the proportion of time spent by the mouse in social interaction with a social target relative to the total duration of the test (n = 14–15 from 4–5 litters). Two-way ANOVA tests were applied. *** P < 0.001 and **** P < 0.0001. (b) The marble burying test was used to assess anxiety behavior in the offspring (n = 10–14 from 4–5 litters). Unpaired T tests were applied. * P < 0.05. (c) The grooming test was used to assess repetitive grooming behavior in the offspring (n = 10–14 from 4–5 litters). Unpaired T tests were applied. * P < 0.05. (d) Representative H&E staining of brain sections from adult offspring corresponding to the position shown in (e). Scale bar, 1 mm. (e) Representative MRI images of brain in offspring, with the LVs indicated within the red squares. Scale bar, 5 mm. (f) MRI measurement of LVs areas in adult offspring, with the statistical method referring to the methodology in the first section: five consecutive scans starting 0.4 mm posterior to the anterior fontanelle (towards the cerebellum) were used to measure the ventricle area, which was then summed and statistically analyzed (n = 14–16 from 4–5 litters). Unpaired T tests were applied. *** P < 0.001. (g) MRI results of CSF volume in adult offspring, stratified by sex (n = 7–8 from 4–5 litters). Two-way ANOVA tests were applied. ** P < 0.01. (h-j) Correlation analysis results between the social preference index, marble burying index, and grooming duration of the offspring and the LVs area (n = 13 from 4–5 litters)