Fig. 1

Neurovascular unit and the interplay between stroke and glioma. Numerous clinical investigations have demonstrated a distinct bidirectional enhancement between glioma and stroke, suggesting their reciprocal interaction in mechanisms. Abbreviations: ROS = reactive oxygen species, Factor X = coagulation factor X, IL-6 = interleukin-6, IL-1β = interleukin-1 beta, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha, PAI-1 = plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor, NF-kB = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, AKT = protein kinase B, MMPs = matrix metalloproteinases, SDF1 = stromal cell-derived factor 1, HIF1-α = hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor