Table 1 Cytokine panel measured by multiplex ELISA in the supernatants of microglia and M-BO cultures
Cytokine | Association with HIV-1 | Reference | Microglia HIV-1 infected sup | HIV-1 M-BOs infected sup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) | Associated HIV-1-NCI through Ferritin Heavy Chain | Detectable | Detectable | |
Tumor necrosis factor (TNFa) | Pro-inflammatory cytokines inducing neuronal death | [84] | Undetectable | Undetectable |
Interferon-gamma(IFNg) | Correlate with HIV-1- NCI in PLWH. Enhance replication HIV-1 in astrocytes | Undetectable | Undetectable | |
soluble CD163 (sCD163) | Plasma correlates with postmortem HIV-1- NCI | Detectable | Detectable | |
IL-6 | Implicated in HIV-1 neurotoxicity from human astrocytes | [87] | Detectable | Undetectable |
MCP-1(CCL2) | Increase in CSF in PLWH with HIV-1-NCI Increased infiltration of HIV-1 infected cells to the CNS | Undetectable | Detectable | |
Osteopontin/SPP1(OPN) | Increase in CSF of PLWH with HIV1-NCI. Enhances HIV-1 replication in the brain. Activation of inflammasome and recruitment of immune cells | Detectable | Detectable | |
Soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) | Increased in CSF of PLWH with HIV-1-NCI | Detectable | Undetectable | |
CX3CL1/Fractalkine | Protective role preventing replication of HIV-1 and inflammation | [89] | Undetectable | Undetectable |
Soluble CD14 (sCD14) | Elevated plasma levels (Not CSF) correlated with poor prognosis in HIV-1 Associated with Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) | Detectable | Detectable | |
IL-27 | Potent inhibitor of HIV- 1 replication in peripheral blood Associated with IRIS | [23] | Detectable | Detectable |
CCL19/MIP-3b | Increases HIV-1 infection, integration, and latency in resting CD4 + T cells Associated with CNS lymphoma | Undetectable | Undetectable | |
IL-10 | Inhibits pro- inflammatory response. Pro- inflammatory and anti- inflammatory activities in the pathogenesis of HIV-1/AIDS with meningitis. Associated with IRIS | [92] | Detectable | Undetectable |