Fig. 2

Administration of an anti-GDF15 monoclonal antibody alleviates cognitive and memory impairment in septic mice. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. Mice received intracerebroventricular injection of the anti-GDF15 monoclonal antibody ponsegromab or IgG control and intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) on day 1. The mice were then subjected to an open field test (OFT) on day 5 and a fear-conditioning test (FC), novel object recognition test (NOR), and novel location recognition test (NLR) on days 6 and 7 after intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) or the same volume of PBS. (B-C) The total distance (B) and average locomotory speed (C) during the OFT were measured on day 5 after intracerebroventricular injection of the anti-GDF15 monoclonal antibody ponsegromab or IgG control and intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). (D-E) The contextual memory test (D) and cue memory test (E) were performed on day 7 following injection of ponsegromab or IgG control and intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). (F-G) Example of movement traces (F) and object discrimination indices (G) in the NOR test. (H-I) Example of movement traces (H) and location discrimination indices (I) in the NLR test. Each symbol represents one mouse (n = 10–12). Bars indicate means ± SEM. ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001