Fig. 1

Inhibition of IDO1 alleviates hyperalgesia in the NTG-induced chronic migraine model. (A) Experimental timeline for inducing chronic migraine in mice with NTG and conducting pain behavioral tests (red triangle). (B-C) Basal and acute mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds measured by von Frey filament in response to mechanical stimuli (n = 8). (D-E) Basal and acute thermal nociceptive thresholds measured by paw withdrawal latency in response to thermal stimuli (n = 8). (F) Experimental timeline for treatment with 1-MT, an IDO1 inhibitor, in combination with NTG to assess its effects on pain sensitivity (red triangle). (G-H) Basal and acute mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds measured by von Frey filament in response to mechanical stimuli in vehicle and 1-MT injected mice (n = 12). (I) Experimental timeline for genetic knockout of IDO1 and NTG administration to evaluate the impact on pain sensitivity. (J) Western blotting analysis confirming IDO1 KO in mouse brain tissue compared to WT controls. GAPDH served as the loading control. (K-L) Basal and acute mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds measured by von Frey filament in response to mechanical stimuli in WT and IDO1 KO mice (n = 8). The data are shown as mean ± SEM, ^* or ^#p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^*** or ^###p < 0.001, ^**** or ^####p < 0.0001; two-way ANOVA in (B-E, G, H, K, L)