Fig. 5

Ketogenic diet inhibited immune cell infiltration and inflammatory response in retina. a UMAP plot clustering of retinal immune cells from NDE and KDE groups. b Bar chart showing the percentages of immune cell subsets in the NDE and KDE groups derived from scRNA-seq data. c Volcano plot showing upregulated and downregulated DEGs of all retinal infiltrating immune cells in the KDE/NDE comparison groups. Significance was determined using “FindMarkers” functions of Seurat package with Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and adjusted by Bonferroni correction. d Box plot showing Th17 cell differentiation scores across retinal immune subsets from NDE and KDE groups. e UMAP plot clustering of T cells from NDE and KDE groups. f Bar chart showing the percentages of T cell subsets in the NDE and KDE groups derived from scRNA-seq data. g-j Proportions of Th17 cells (g), Th1 cells (h), Treg cells (i) in retinal CD4⁺T cells, and CD4⁺T cells (j) measured by flow cytometry on day 14 post-immunization from the NDE and KDE group. Data expressed as mean ± SD. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. ns P > 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001. k–l Circle plot showing MHC-II signaling (k), TGF-β signaling (l) of immune cell subsets in NDE and KDE groups, calculated by CellChat. The thickness of the lines connecting cells indicates the numbers of interaction. MM: monocytes & macrophages, MiG: microglias