Fig. 3

Ketogenic diet induced changes in B cell transcriptional profile and immune cell–cell communications. a UMAP plot of B cell subsets: germinal center B cells (GBC), naïve B cells (NBC), and plasma cells (PC). b Heatmap exhibiting the average regulon activities of top 10 transcription factors in KDC and NDC groups, color key from white to red indicates relative expression levels from low to high. c Volcano plot showing upregulated and downregulated DEGs of NBC in the KDC/NDC comparison groups. Significance was determined using “FindMarkers” functions of Seurat package with Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and adjusted by Bonferroni correction. d Downregulated GO terms and KEGG pathways enriched in NBC cells in the KDC/NDC comparison group. Significance was calculated based on the accumulative hypergeometric distribution by Metascape webtool. e–g Circle plot showing the TGF-β signaling (e), CXCL signaling (f), ICAM signaling (g) of immune cell subsets in KDC and NDC groups, calculated by CellChat. The thickness of the lines represents the numbers of interaction. h Dotplot showing the relative expression of interaction pairs from cDC to γδT cells (left) and Th17 cells (right), respectively