Fig. 1

Ketogenic diet induced complicated and extensive changes in the immune profile of CDLNs. a Daily diet composition during the normal diet (ND) and ketogenic diet (KD) stages respectively, represented in percent calories. b Changes in body weight of mice fed with ND or KD throughout the study protocol. c Schematic of the experimental design for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). CDLNs and retinas were harvested from the normal diet healthy control (NDC), ketogenic diet heathy control (KDC), normal diet EAU (NDE) and ketogenic diet EAU (KDE) group. Samples were processed via scRNA-seq by using the 10 × Genomics platform. IRBP1-20: Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein 1–20. d Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) plot: the left showing the cluster of cell types, the right showing sample distribution across two groups. Neu, neutrophils; Macro, macrophages; Mono, monocytes; cDC, classical dendritic cells; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells; NK, natural killer cells. e Pie charts chart showing the percentages of the immune cells derived from scRNA-seq data. f Number of DEGs between KDC and NDC group within each cluster projected onto the UMAP plot. g Volcano plot showing upregulated and downregulated DEGs of total immune cells in the KDC/NDC comparison group. h-i GO terms and KEGG pathways enriched in upregulated (H) and downregulated (I) DEGs of total immune cells in the KDC/NDC comparison group. Significance was calculated based on the accumulative hypergeometric distribution by Metascape webtool