Fig. 2

Surgery induces systemic and CNS inflammation. a, b IL-6 and CCL2 were quantified by ELISA in the plasma, frontal cortex, and hippocampus of young and old mice 6 h (a) and 48 h (b) after surgery. c and d. 10 × microscopic images of Iba1⁺ cells in the hippocampus (CA1) of young and old mice 6 h (c) or 48 h (d) after surgery. e, f Quantification of Iba1 immunohistochemistry (% area stained; mean gray value, and # of cells) in the CA1, CA3, and DG of the hippocampus 6 h (e) and 48 h (f) after surgery. Scale bars: 100 μm. Data are mean ± SD for 5–7 animals per group. Main effects calculated by two-way ANOVA, Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001