Fig. 3

Glyphosate exposure increases soluble and insoluble fractions of Aβ40 and 42, and Aβ42 plaque load by increasing cleavage products of the amyloid precursor protein despite a recovery period. (A, B) Representative western blot and quantification of full length APP (6e10) with loading control GAPDH in hippocampal (Hp) and cortex (Ctx) tissue. (C, D) Glyphosate exposure increases C99 and BACE-1 protein levels probed after the recovery period. (E-H) Soluble and insoluble fractions of Aβ40 and 42 in Hp and Ctx tissue. (I, J) Photomicrographs showing significant increases in both % Aβ42 plaque load in the Ctx of 3xTg-AD 500 mg/kg mice, and in average particle size in the Hp of 3xTg-AD 50 mg/kg mice. (L, M) Photomicrographs depicting Thioflavin S structures and quantification showing a trending increase in % particle area in glyphosate exposed 3xTg-AD mice (p = 0.0659) . Abbreviations: DS = dorsal subiculum, DG = dentate gyrus, CA1 = cornus ammonis 1. Bar graphs are means ± SEM. For box plots, the center line represents the median value, the limits represent the 25th and 75th percentile, and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum value of the distribution.*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001