Fig. 10

Plasma sPD-1 levels in AD patients correlate with IL-1β levels and AD progression. a Plasma IL-1β levels in controls and AD patients measured by ELISA. b Plasma sPD-1 levels in controls and AD patients measured by ELISA. c Correlation between sPD-1 and IL-1β levels in plasma from AD patients. d Correlation between sPD-1 and IL-1β levels in plasma from IL-1β^high AD patients. e-f Correlations between plasma sPD-1 levels and CSF Aβ1–42 (e), and p-tau-181 (f) levels in IL-1β^high AD patients. g-h Correlations between plasma sPD-1 levels and MMSE (g) and MoCA (h) scores in IL-1β^high AD patients. i Western-blot analysis of phospho-IκB-α, IκB-α, phospho-p65, p65, and PD-1 in PBMCs from controls and IL-1β^high AD patients (n = 3/group). n = 33 for controls, n = 40 for IL-1β^low AD patients, and n = 44 for IL-1β^high AD patients. ***P < 0.001. Error bars show means ± SEM. Unpaired t test for a-b. Correlations were established by calculating correlation coefficients