Fig. 1

The dynamic changes of GSDMD in the brains from 5×FAD mice. a Immunohistochemical detection of GSDMD in the hippocampus and cortex of 5×FAD mice at indicated months of age. Scale bar = 50 μm, 20 μm. b Western blot analysis of caspase-1, caspase-11, cleaved caspase-8, and GSDMD in the brain tissues of 5×FAD mice at indicated months of age. F: full length; C: cleavage. c Immunofluorescence colabeling of GSDMD (green) and IBA1 (red) shows that GSDMD was mainly expressed in activated microglia and infiltrated macrophages (white arrowheads) in the brains of 5×FAD mice at 6 months of age. Scale bar = 100 μm, 50 μm. R-MG: resting microglia; A-MG: activated microglia; M∅: macrophage. d-f ELISA analysis of IL-1β (d), IL-6 (e), and TNF-α (f) in the brain tissue of 5×FAD mice at indicated months of age (n = 5/group). Data are pooled from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Error bars show means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test for d-f