Fig. 4
Sepsis plasma EVs selectively activate microglia in vitro. Primarily cutured microglia and astrocytes were treated with sham and CLP plasma EVs in various concentrations (5 × 106 ~ 2.5 × 109 EVs/mL). At 24 h, supernant were collected and cytokine/chemokine were tested using ELISA. A CXCL2 and IL-6 production in microglia. B CXCL2 and IL-6 production in astrocyte. C CXCL2 and IL-6 in the media of neurons treated with sham and CLP plasma EVs (2.5 × 109 EVs/mL). n = 3–10. The experiment was repeated twice in triplicates with independent runs on separate days