Fig. 8

Genetic and pharmacologic P2 × 7R inhibition reduces mitochondrial gene expression, enhanced by CIE. Digital PCR was used to quantify the copy numbers of mtDNA present in EVs. Bar graphs represent the copy number of genes per microliter of DNA in the experimental groups. (A) P2 × 7R inhibition or (B) P2 × 7R^-/- reduces mtDNA copy numbers in the EVs isolated from BBG-treated–CIE exposed and P2 × 7R^-/- CIE-exposed animals compared to that of EVs from CIE-exposed animals. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test were used for the statistical analyses. mean ± SEM, * p ≤ 0.01, **p ≤ 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, and ns = nonsignificant. (n = 3–8)