Fig. 7
From: Estrogen-immuno-neuromodulation disorders in menopausal depression
Effects of immune cytokines on NE synthesis and release. IL-1β can reduce NE synthesis by inhibiting TH activity and regulating the HPG axis, increase NE synthesis by regulating the HPA axis, and reduce NE release by activating GABAergic neurons. IL-6 can also reduce NE synthesis by inhibiting TH activity via the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway, but the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 can activate TH activity and increase NE synthesis