Chronic immunosuppression across 12 months and high ability of acute and subacute CNS-injury biomarker concentrations to identify individuals with complicated mTBI on acute CT and MRI

Table 4 Unpenalized odds ratios of the algorithmically selected blood biomarkers predicting patients who were CT + and/or MRI+.

	Admission	2 weeks	3 months	12 months
	Odds Ratio [95% CI]	Odds Ratio [95% CI]	Odds Ratio [95% CI]	Odds Ratio [95% CI]
CT Imaging
GFAP †	1.26 [0.62–2.60]	1.10 [0.41–3.22]
NFL †	1.82 [0.91–3.84]	1.81 [0.69–4.81]	1.77 [1.02–3.20]
MIP-1β	0.46 [0.21–0.94]	0.45 [0.17–1.15]	0.56 [0.25–1.21]	0.42 [0.13–1.20]
IP-10 †	0.63 [0.29–1.26]	0.66 [0.23–1.60]	0.43 [0.14–1.14]	0.57 [0.19–1.45]
Eotaxin †	0.64 [0.26–1.21]	0.54 [0.14–1.09]
IL-1ra	2.30 [1.07–6.68]	2.04 [0.73–12.71]
MRI Imaging
GFAP †	2.59 [1.44–4.93]	1.02 [0.45–2.23]
NFL †	1.47 [0.82–2.71]	4.52 [2.14–11.13]	3.37 [1.99–6.30]
MIP-1β	0.56 [0.29–1.07]	0.78 [0.38–1.68]	0.49 [0.25–0.90]	0.36 [0.13–0.88]
IP-10 †	0.57 [0.29–1.05]	0.45 [0.16–1.10]	0.55 [0.25–1.14]
Eotaxin †	0.77 [0.40–1.27]	0.44 [0.14–0.87]
IL-9				0.62 [0.28–1.36]

^†Indicates base-10 log transformed data. The blood biomarkers were algorithmically selected via elastic net. Each marker of inflammation or CNS injury was included in the model as a possible predictor, at their respective timepoints. The biomarkers selected for each model were first standardized for comparability, before being input into an ordinary logistic regression, from which the above odds ratios, with 95% CIs (confidence intervals) were calculated. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; GFAP = Glial fibrillary acidic protein; NFL = neurofilament light; MIP = Macrophage Inflammatory Protein; IP = IFNγ-induced Protein; IL = Interleukin

ISSN: 1742-2094