Fig. 4

Anesthesia/surgery induced microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of aged mice. a Representative images of Iba1 (a marker of microglia) in the CA1 region at day 1 after anesthesia/surgery. b Quantification of Iba1 fluorescence. c Representative western blots of Iba1 at day 1 after anesthesia/surgery. d Quantitative analysis of Iba1 levels compared with the control group. Analysis of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the hippocampal CA1 region on postoperative days 1 (e–g) and 3 (h–j). The data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean for each group (n = 6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with the control group